The Central Nervous System: Structure and Functions

The Central Nervous System Structure and FunctionsHayley SterlingThe organize ofThe Central Nervous SystemThe brain and spinal anesthesia cord make up the Central Nervous System (CNS). The term central is used because it assimilates info from the whole body and coordinates activities across the entire organism. The brain is enclosed in and protected by the skull (cranial cavity). From the back of the brain, the spinal cord break aways down, passing through the spinal cig atomic number 18tal and stopping down in the lumbar region. The brain and the spinal cord ar protected by a triple layered membrane, this is cognise as the meninges.Sensory, connector and motor neurones.Like all living organisms, humans brush aside respond to their environment. in that location are two control strategys that work in concert to accomplish this the nervous system and the hormonal (endocrine) system. Breathing, cropion of digestive enzymes, memory and intelligence are examples of things cont rolled by the human nervous system.The nervous system is self-possessed of nerve cubicles, known as neurones. The details of each of the neurones grass be seen in the images above.Each neurone has similarities and differences when it comes to length of fibres, location and their function.The Sensory neurone has colossal dendrites and short axones, is laid within the cell body (dendrites show up-of-door of the cell body) and the cell body is located within the dorsal root ganglion. The function of the sensory neurone is to conduct notion to the spinal cord.The interneuron has short dendrites and has either a short or long axon. It is located entirely within the spinal cord (central nervous system). Its function is to interlink the sensory neuron with the motor neuron.The motor neuron has short dendrites and long axons. The dendrites and cell body are located within the spinal cord, whereas the axon is proscribedside of the spinal cord. Its function is to conduct an impulse to the effector (gland or muscle).Axons and Dendrites the opposites of each other.Axons take breeding away from the cell body and Dendrites bring information to it.Axons gift a smooth surface, Dendrites have a rough one.Only usually 1 Axon per cell, multiple Dendrites per cell.Axons have no Ribosomes, and Dendrites do.Axons nominate have medulla oblongata insulation, Dendrites do not.Axons branch far away from the cell body, Dendrite branch closely to the cell.How nerve impulses are transmittedThe ultimate function of nerve cells (neurones) is to transmit bespeak from sense organs, such(prenominal) as the eyes and skin, to the central nervous system then from the CNS to the effector organs.Neurones are made up from a cell body, from here small projections protrude, these are called dendrites. There is one lengthened dendrite called an axon, the axon is usually protected in an electro-insulating compound known as myelin this for make grow speed up the signals. The end of the axon, spreads into may branches, this means that the signals dismiss be de coloureded to multiple target cells at once. This dope be seen in the image downstairsAn electrical current carries the neuron, which then transmits the signal.The role of chemical transmitters in enabling impulses to cross synapsesChemical Synapse.A fluid filled space known as a synaptic cleft separates two membranes. These are referred to as pre and post synaptic membranes.The above image shows the pre and post synaptic membranes. An electrical impulse comes from the axon of the pre-synaptic membrane. This in turn causes the nerve-ending of the neuron to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The chemicals proceed to diffuse in the synaptic cleft, before binding with receptor molecules on the next neuron. They receptor molecules of this neuron give only bind with the peculiar(prenominal) chemicals given from the prototypal neuron. This impart then stimulate the next neuron to replica te the process.Voluntary and automatic actionsVoluntary actions require a message from the brain, before being able to carry it out. For this reason, they are slower than a reflex action. Most actions carried out by our body are voluntary actions, for example choosing to walk in a certain direct to avoid danger or obstacles.Reflex actions are in-voluntary and do not require thought in distinguish to be processed. Reflex actions occur in solution to a stimulus, for example when touching a voluptuous surface, we automatically react by removing contact from the surface, before our brain actually recognises that the surface is hot.The role of the autonomic nervous systemThe inside of the body is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Information is transported about the inside of the body to the central nervous system. It also controls immanent organs such as our sprightliness, stomach and liver etc.Homeostasis is where the bodys internal environment is maintained safely. Thi s is done through balancing levels of temperature, oxygen in the blood, blood sugar and salt concentration. The autonomic nervous system is instrumental in ensuring homeostasis occurs in the body.Another vital role of the autonomic nervous system is displaying physical signs of our emotional expressions. An example of this is when were emotionally excited our heart rate may increase, blood pressure may rise, and our mouth may become dry.The autonomic nervous system has 2 divisions. The emergency system officially known as the kind-hearted division and the housekeeping division known as the parasympathetic division. The parasympathetic divisions action is usually always the opposite of the Sympathetic division.The sympathetic division prepares our body to give out energy in order to protect itself from the effects of injury.The parasympathetic division forget complete actions such as reducing heart rate and reduce blood pressure where necessary.Effects on transmission of nerve im pulses from caffeineCaffeine is known as a stimulant, caffeine can be found in coffee, cola, energy drinks, cannabis and amphetamines. Caffeine/stimulants increases the rate of transmissions of signals from one cell to another. This allow increase our alertness, as hearty as our breathing and heart rate. Lon term affects include us producing highs but these can also be followed by extreme lows. Extreme lows can progress further and lead to depression.ReferencesAviva.co.uk. (2017). Medical Encyclopedia Function Voluntary and Involuntary Responses Aviva. online Available at http//www.aviva.co.uk/health-insurance/home-of-health/medical-centre/medical-encyclopedia/entry/function-voluntary-and-involuntary-responses/ Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC GCSE Bitesize How synapses work Higher. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_pre_2011/brain_mind/informationrev2.shtml Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC GCSE Bitesize Stimulan ts, sedatives and painkillers. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/health/drugsandhealthrev4.shtml Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Biologymad.com. (2017). Nervous System Intro. online Available at http//www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Boundless. (2017). Synaptic Transmission. online Available at https//www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/how-neurons-communicate-200/synaptic-transmission-763-11996/ Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Indiana.edu. (2017). AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. online Available at http//www.indiana.edu/p1013447/dictionary/ans.htm Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Newman, T. (2017). Central Nervous System Structure, Functions and Diseases. online Medical News Today. Available at http//www.medical novelstoday.com/articles/307076.php Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Science.education.nih.gov. (2017). The Brain-Lesson 3-Drugs Change the Way Neurons Communicate (Page 1 of 2). on line Available at https//science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih2/addiction/guide/lesson3-1.html Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Steane, R. (2017). Voluntary and reflex actions. online Biotopics.co.uk. Available at http//www.biotopics.co.uk/newgcse/voluntaryReflex.html Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.The Student Room. (2017). RevisionNerve impulse transmission The Student Room. online Available at https//www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/RevisionNerve_impulse_transmission Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.Marketing Strategies of Asda An AnalysisMarketing Strategies of Asda An Analysis worldMarketing Strategy defines objectives and reports the methods youre spill to make happy customers in your target foodstuffs. It does not have to be written down but it is easier to communicate to outsiders if thither is a jut, strategy.What is a Marketing strategy?The broad approach the connection intends to implement in the long term to achieve its objectives.A medium to long term plan for achieving a firms commercialiseing o bjectives.The means or game plan by which commercializeing objectives get out be achieved.Concerns markets, positioning, direction of development and private-enterprise(a) advantage.A plan for future merchandise activity.What should have to be in marketing strategies?Marketing strategy should beBe part of the all strategies of the company.Be a clear understanding of the markets to implies the strategy.Market should be analytic thinking first.Be based on the companys strengths.Checked the opportunities by strengths.Analysis the companys weaknesses.Act in response to threats.Be incorporated and logical.Be carefully checked out the all strategies.MOST Components of the StrategiesMissionObjectivesStrategy (overall plans)Tactics short term responses to opportunities or threatsEffectives on strategiesBusiness objectivesThe firms resourcesThe firms strengthsMarket conditionsOpportunities in the marketCompetition and market structureStages in the development of marketing strategyObjec tives should have to be clear.Marketing analyse should be done before implemented.Arrange the SWOT analysisDefine marketing objectivesDevelop marketing strategiesImplement marketing plansReview and realize the outcomes educate the next planRESEARCH OBJECTIVESObjectives of interrogationI will have set objectives for my explore, to outline what it is that I want to gain from my research. These objectives should be closely tie in to the statement of the problem. Marketing is a key area of the business to swear out it to develop and grow (Marketing is therefore a jibe for any business). The bearing and objectives of my research is to find out why companies pass by a significant on their marketing strategy and what strategies they adopt to compete with their opponents.There are two types of research objectivesGeneral ObjectivesA General Objective is a brief outline of what the investigator expects to achieve by carrying out his researchFor exampleHow the GREEN is part to the ASDA business?How and wherefore ASDA spending more than on their marketing?why the grocery retailers are giving the preference to get their CASH CARRY from ASDA stores?Why the ASDA has only BIG STORES?How the GEORGE is getting more clothing customers on their prices?How ASDA getting more customers from GEORGE?How ASDA marketing for GEORGE?Specific ObjectivesA specific objective is where it is possible to equipment failure the oecumenic objectives into smaller, logically connected parts.How ASDA can seek more business from its exist customers by aiming to grow its market share with the products that it already in its portfolio.How ASDA can seek expansion by taking its traditional product range into new markets.How ASDA can persuade existing customers that they should buy different products or serve a sort of product line extension.How ASDA marketing research workers could explore the needs of customers for the products that are contemplated for the extended collection.Oppor tunity Meeting ObjectiveHow can ASDA improve their existing and more offers to customers by their (the product/service, the delivery, the guarantees, the service support etc)?How can ASDA segment the market so that they can better satisfy their all customers needs?What are the beaver routes to ASDA marketing because they already got and knows the marketing routes?How can ASDA convince people to buy their products when they are being tempted in other directions?How can ASDA increase their sales by marketing in other territories?What changes for the packaging of the product ASDA will do to sell them?LITERATURE REVIEWThe marketing mixMarketing strategies chiefly fall in to following four controllable categories.Productmonetary valuePlacePromotionThe four Ps are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that centre the four Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response.Product ContributionThe term product refers to tangible, physical products as well as services. here(predicate) are some examples of the product and how to contribute them in the marketing strategy.Brand nameFunctionalityStylingQualitySafetyPackagingRepairs and supportWarrantyAccessories and servicesPrice ContributionSome specification in price contributions isPricing strategy (skim, penetration, etc.)Suggested retail priceVolume discounts and wholesale pricingCash and early wages discountSeasonal pricingBundlingPrice flexibilityPrice discriminationPlace ContributionPlace is about getting the products to the customers e.g.Distribution carryMarket coverage (inclusive, selective, or exclusive distribution)Inventory managementWarehousingPlace centresOrder processingTransportationReverse logisticsPromotion contributionIn the marketing mix, promotion represents the various aspects of marketing strategies that is the str ategy of information about the product with the goal of generating a positive customer response.Promotional strategy (push, pull. etc) advertPersonal selling sales forceSales promotionsPublic relations publicityMarketing strategies budgetEvery marketing strategy whenever it spillage to makes it will be implemented by the marketing mix and that strategy will be analysed first to fit in the marketing mix.Product Life daily roundIntroduction StageAt the Introduction (or development) step market size and growth is slight. It is possible that extensive research and improvement costs have been incurred to get the product to this stage. In addition, marketing costs may be more in order to test the market, experience launch promotion and set up distribution channels. It is quite unexpected that companies will make profits on products at the Introduction Stage.Because that time company will just invest on their product that should not be the time for enough profit.Growth StageThe Growth Stage is characterized by rapid growth in sales and profits. gain arise due to an increase in output (economies of scale) and possibly better prices. At this stage, it is cheaper for businesses to invest in increasing their market share as well as enjoying the overall growth of the marketMaturity StageThe Maturity Stage is, perhaps, the most common and peek of product stage for all markets. It is in this stage that competition is most intense as companies fight to maintain their market share. Here, some(prenominal) marketing and finance become key activities. Marketing spend has to be monitored carefully, since any significant moves are likely to be copied by competitors. The Maturity Stage is the time when most profit is earned by the market as a whole. Any expenditure is to be restricted.Decline StageIn the Decline Stage, the market is shrinking, reducing the overall amount of profit that can be shared amongst the lasting competitors. At this stage, great care has to be taken to manage the product carefully. It may be possible to take out some production cost, to transfer production to a cheaper facility, sell the product into other, cheaper markets.SWOT ANALYSIS before MarketingSWOT analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall marketing strategic position of a business and its environment. Because businesses dont want to waste their money and resources on the fake planning for their business. SWOT is the internal and external view of the company what theyve got, what they have to do to survive in the markets, what they can do, what they are loosing.Once key strategic issues have been identified, they feed into business objectives, curiously marketing objectives. SWOT analysis is very popular tool in business for marketing strategies because it is quick and prospering way to analyze the company.Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. For example, strength could be your specialist in marketing capability. A weakness could be the required for the new marker for new products which helps you to get the big market share.Opportunities and threats are external factors. For example, an opportunity could be a developing distribution channel, marketing for the products such as the Internet, or changing consumer lifestyles thatWill be easy to by the things online and that would be the extra sale of the company and potentially increase demand for a companys products. A threat could be a new competitor in an important existing market or a technological change that makes existing products potentially obsoleteANSOFF MATRIXThe output from the ANSOFF product/market MATRIX is a series of suggested growth marketing strategies that set the direction for the business strategy. From the ANSOFF matrix I am getting two growth strategies which will help us for our marketing analysis to do the marketing because we are not going to launch new products this analysis is the clear eye for the company where they have to go and what they have to do (tutor2u,2010 online)Market PenetrationMarket penetration is the name given to a growth strategy where the business focuses and going to more marketing on selling existing products into existing markets.Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectivesMaintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to face-to-face sellingSecure dominance of growth marketsRestructure a mature market by driving out competitors this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitorsIncrease usage by existing customers for example by introducing loyalty schemesA market penetration marketing strategy is very much about business as usual. The business is direction on markets and products it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competit ors and on customer needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that this strategy will require much investment in new market research.Market developmentMarket development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets.There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, includingNew geographical markets for example exporting the product to a new countryNew product dimensions or packagingNew distribution channelsDifferent pricing policies to attract different customers or create new market segmentsThese are the tools to analysis the strategies before to get start the marketing, with out the strategies analysis it is like we are traveling on the road with closed eyes. after this checklist, you will find out the path which path you can adopt and where from you can get start.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYSecondary informationThe possibility of reanalyzing info that have already been poised for some other purpose it is called secondar y information. Secondary information include both raw info and create summaries.Secondary data will credibly provide the main source to answer your research inquiry and to address your objectives. This data should be already analysis and recommended for the publish. So the secondary data will help to make your primary data to make your research meaningful and achieved.Primary dataPrimary data is the data which is collected by the researcher directly from his own ruminations and experiences. For example, if the researcher conducts a survey for the collected of data then it is known as primary data. Primary data are those data which are collected for the first time, taking a sample, representing a population. It is not a published data, it is problem specific data collected by the researcher, first time.Methods or Ways of primary data collectionThere are some methods to collect the primary data which is most important data in the research because the researcher only the one who is going to know what he/she will found against of their objectives. The primary data is just like new aim or uncompelled information which should be helpful to meet your objectives.Now we are going to discuss the methods.QuestionnairesInterviews decoct congregation interviewsObservationCase-studiesDiariesCritical incidentsPortfolios.QuestionnairesQuestionnaires are a popular means of accumulation data, but are difficult to design and often require many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire is produced.In the questionnaires method there are some more types of the questionnaire that would be helpful to understand the researchers objectives.InterviewsInterviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for peoples attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group. They can be conducted at work, at home, in the path or in a shopping centre, or some othe r agreed location. (Sounders, 2010)This is the 2nd method to get the information and data from your interviewee and researcher can find the perfective and exact information about their research.There are different types of the interviews which can be conduct.Semi- Structured InterviewsIn this type of the interview the researcher will have a list of themes and questions to be covers, although these may vary from interview to interview. The order of questions may also be varied depending on the flow of the conversation. On the other hand, additional questions may be required to explore your research question and objectives given the nature of events within particular organizations. The nature of the questions and the ensuring watchword mean that data will be recorded by note taking.(Sounders,2010)Unstructured or In-Depth InterviewsWe can use these to explore in depth general areas in which I am interested. There is no predetermined list of questions to work through in this situation , although you need to have a clear nous about the aspect or aspect that you want to explore. The interviewee is given the opportunity to talk freely about events, behavior and beliefs in relation to the topic area. (Sounders, 2010)Focus group interviewsA focus group is an interview conducted by a trained moderator in a non-structured and natural manner with a small group of respondents. The moderator leads the discussion. The main purpose of focus groups is to gain insights by listening to a group of people from the appropriate target market talk about specific issues of interest.ObservationObservation is a somewhat neglected aspect of research. Observation is adding considerably to the richness of your research data. it can even be fun. If my research questions and objectives are concerned with what people do, an obvious way in which to discover this is to watch them do it.Types of ObservationParticipant observationStructured observationParticipant observation is qualitative and derives from the work of social anthropology early in the twentieth century. Its emphasis is on discovering the meaning that people attach to their action. This is where the researcher attempts to participate in the lives and activities of subjects and and then becomes a member of their group, organization or community.Structures observation is quantitative and is more concerned with the frequency of those actions.DATA ANALYSISAnalyzing qualitative dataQualitative e data consist of words and observation, not numbers. As with all data, analysis and interpretation are required to bring order and understanding. This requires creativity, discipline and a dogmatic approach. These are no integrity or best way.The process will depend onThe questions you want to answer,The need of those who will use the information , andYour resources narration dataTest or narrative data come in many forms and from a variety of sources. You might have brief responses to open-ended question on a survey, t he transcript from an interview, or the text of a published report. Your data may come from many people, a few individuals, or a single case.Any of the following may produce narrative data that require analysisOpen-ended questions and written comments on questionnaires may generate single wordIndividual interviews can produce data in the form of notes.Discussion group or focus group interview often strike full transcripts and notes from observer.Observation might be recorded in your field notes as a result of watching and listening.Documents, reports and news articles or any published written material may serve as evaluation data.The analysis processWhen we got the data what do i do? The steps are describing which will explain the narrative data analysis and interpretation.Get to know the dataThe qualitative analysis, this mean i have to read and re-read the test. If i got any head i have to write it down may be useful later. When we got the data it dose not mean those are the qua lity data. Sometimes information provides does not add meaning or value and may be collected in a biased way.Focus the analysisReview the purpose of the evaluation and what you want to find out. Identify a few key questions that you want your analysis to answers. Write these down and these will help me decide how to begin. These questions may change as you work with the data, will help me get startedCategorize informationSome people refer to categorizing information as coding the data or indexing the data. However, categorizing does not involve assigning numerical codes as you do in quantitative analysis where you label exclusive variables with preset codes or values.Identify patterns and connections within and between categoriesAs you organize the data into categorize either by any way we will begin to see patterns and connections both within and between the categories. Assessing the relative importance of different themes or highlighting subtle variations may be important to your analysis. adviseation bringing it all unneuroticInterpreting the data attaching meaning and significance to the analysis. A good place to start is to develop a list of key points or important conclusion you discovered as a result of categorizing and sorting your data.For the researcher this is the main caring point where they have to analyse the data what they collected because they are going to publish a report or making the dissertation they need the solid and realistic data from their primary and secondary data collection. Collecting the data and analyse for the right and authentic data. They have to go through the entire analysis step for their qualitative data.Analysing quantitative dataStatistic analysis could be come to to analyse the quantitative data. There are some common mathematical techniques that can be make the evaluation data to more understandable, this called the descriptive statistic because they help to describe the raw data. And these methods includes.Numeric al counting.Percentages.Measures of central tendency.Measures of variability.There are some steps which are using in analysis of quantitative data.State your research questions in a clear, precise way. If your main question(s) imply other questions, state these as sub-questions.Determine what kinds of comparisons you need to make in order to answer your questions.What variables do you need to measure?Are you interested in differences between groups? Correlations between variables? This step will often help to clarify the research question take root how to assess each variable, and verify what kind of variable it is.This will help you decide what kind of comparisons you will want to make.Set up blank tables. create mentally a research method and gather your data.Summarize your data in such a way that you can fill in the blanks in your tables. (Analyze your data.)Interpret your data What is the answer to each of your questions? What kind of argument will you make?Make your argument.In my research there is not too much data which I have to analyze to quantitatively, because I am writing the report about the marketing strategies, I am not doing the financial analysis or making the report of the ASDA finance report. Where ever I need it I will be analyze it then I will use that.enquiry presentationPresenting the researchThe last step in market research is the presentation of a formal plan. At this stage, the marketing researcher should summarize the plan in a written proposal to management. A written proposal is especially important when the research project will be large and heterogeneous or when an outside concerned concern it out. The proposal should cover the company problems addressed and the research objectives, the information to be obtained, the sources of secondary information or methods for collecting primary data, and the ways the results will help for company decision making for the implementation. A written research plan or proposal makes sure that th e marketing manager and researchers have consider all the important aspect of the research and that they agree on why and how the research will be done.RecommendationThe best way to find out the ways or methods to collect the perfection in primary data. Because I am searching some thing better, perfect and solid for my research topic and the primary data is first time collected from the researcher. And I have to find out the best tools for the marketing which is modify for the company for best marketing. If we follow the all primary data collection method we can get the knowledgeable and soled data for our research. I describe the objectives of the ASDA stores which I have to search out will be credible for my research. And the analysis of the data is very important because we can get the data from both where and any kind of the data. But to get the realized and perfect we have to analysis first and apply all the methods.ConclusionFor my research I will be looking into the strateg y that ASDA, one of Britains leading supermarkets has adopted. Writing clear objectives is the most important step in designing qualitative marketing research. I am very intrigued as to how customers are being drawn in to the Asda brand and why it has been known for some of the most memorable advertising campaigns. After carrying out this research I will have an extensive knowledge about marketing strategies, and how they work. I will be gathering together data (which need to be collected) and then I will analyze it. This will allow me to implement the data and answer my objectives.